To this day, this unique publication has never missed its weekly deadline. In the late s, CDC worked closely with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration NASA to protect the earth from germs that could potentially be brought back from outer space by returning Apollo astronauts and, conversely, preventing harmful earth germs from being carried into outer space.
Related : U. Reznick, Kenneth M. The establishment of the smallpox surveillance unit in would give CDC one of its greatest achievements in public health: the eradication of smallpox.
In , CDC was renamed the Center for Disease Control by the federal government to denote its expanding presence in matters related to public health. During this decade, CDC, while maintaining its role in fighting infectious diseases, was also becoming a principal prevention arm of the federal government. Soon, it became involved in a wide array of public health programs dealing with chronic disease and injury control, family planning, and health-related aspects of human lifestyles and community environments.
CDC surveillance and research helped address both emergencies. During the s, newly emerging infectious diseases would become the focus for many CDC researchers and epidemiologists. AIDS appeared out of nowhere to become a premier health threat; CDC provided leadership for the first task force to address the issue and continues to help in the fight against this deadly disease. Over the two-year period, at least 28 African American children, adolescents, and adults were killed.
CDC provided assistance by utilizing epidemiological detective work to investigate the risk factors the victims had in common. The CDC merged the disciplines of health economics and decision science in the s to create a new area of emphasis: prevention effectiveness. Other contributions to worldwide health issues during this decade included participation in the global polio eradication campaign and expanded research in prenatal care that aimed to improve infant health by reducing instances of appalling birth defects such as spina bifida and anencephaly.
At the dawn of the 21st century, the challenges kept coming, and CDC kept stepping up to the plate. The perceived global electronic disaster of Y2K and the actual disaster on September 11, , at the World Trade Center and Pentagon required assistance from Centers for Disease Control. Natural disaster response, a part of CDC tradition since the s, has also kept the agency staff involved as first responders during national and international catastrophes. The threat of biological warfare loomed, and Dr.
Langmuir, the most knowledgeable person in PHS about this arcane subject, saw an opportunity to train epidemiologists who would guard against ordinary threats to public health while watching out for alien germs.
The first class of EIS officers arrived in Atlanta for training in and pledged to go wherever they were called for the next 2 years. These "disease detectives" quickly gained fame for "shoe-leather epidemiology" through which they ferreted out the cause of disease outbreaks. The survival of CDC as an institution was not at all certain in the s. In , Emory University gave land on Clifton Road for a headquarters, but construction did not begin for more than a decade.
PHS was so intent on research and the rapid growth of the National Institutes of Health that it showed little interest in what happened in Atlanta. Congress, despite the long delay in appropriating money for new buildings, was much more receptive to CDC's pleas for support than either PHS or the Bureau of the Budget. Two major health crises in the mids established CDC's credibility and ensured its survival.
In , when poliomyelitis appeared in children who had received the recently approved Salk vaccine, the national inoculation program was stopped. The cases were traced to contaminated vaccine from a laboratory in California; the problem was corrected, and the inoculation program, at least for first and second graders, was resumed. The resistance of these 6- and 7-year-olds to polio, compared with that of older children, proved the effectiveness of the vaccine.
Two years later, surveillance was used again to trace the course of a massive influenza epidemic. From the data gathered in and subsequent years, the national guidelines for influenza vaccine were developed. CDC grew by acquisition. The venereal disease program came to Atlanta in and with it the first Public Health Advisors, nonscience college graduates destined to play an important role in making CDC's disease-control programs work. The tuberculosis program moved in , immunization practices and the MMWR in The Foreign Quarantine Service, one of the oldest and most prestigious units of PHS, came in ; many of its positions were soon switched to other uses as better ways of doing the work of quarantine, primarily through overseas surveillance, were developed.
The long-established nutrition program also moved to CDC, as well as the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, and work of already established units increased. Immunization tackled measles and rubella control; epidemiology added family planning and surveillance of chronic diseases. When CDC joined the international malaria-eradication program and accepted responsibility for protecting the earth from moon germs and vice versa, CDC's mission stretched overseas and into space.
CDC played a key role in one of the greatest triumphs of public health: the eradication of smallpox. In it established a smallpox surveillance unit, and a year later tested a newly developed jet gun and vaccine in the Pacific island nation of Tonga.
When millions of people there had been vaccinated, CDC used surveillance to speed the work along. The World Health Organization used this "eradication escalation" technique elsewhere with such success that global eradication of smallpox was achieved by CDC also achieved notable success at home tracking new and mysterious disease outbreaks. In the mids and early s, it found the cause of Legionnaires disease and toxic-shock syndrome. Department of Health and Human Services responsible for monitoring health risks both in the U.
The Communicable Disease Center was opened in with the intent of stopping the spread of malaria throughout the United States. In , the U. The Epidemic Intelligence Service was established in , working to defend against biological warfare as well as man-made disease outbreaks.
The agency assisted in curing smallpox in , polio in and rubella in Additionally, the CDC runs anti-smoking campaigns. The agency changed names in to the Center for Disease Control. The CDC first began investigating the ebola virus in when an outbreak occurred in Zaire and Sudan. There is still a window of opportunity to tamp it down, but that window is closing. We really have to act now. Department of Transportation DOT on October 3, , of lowering their safety standards in regard to disposing of Ebola waste.
The standards held by DOT specify that the waste not be transported by regular disposal services but must be treated as biohazard material. Ebola waste, the group argued, should be disposed of in a waste sterilizer on-site, or since the Dallas hospital treating Duncan did not have one, he should have been transferred to a hospital with the appropriate resources.
The group's director explained, "There is no reason for [the Department of Transportation] to lower safety standards when there are affordable, existing technologies commonly used today that allow hospitals to properly and safely treat substances infected with Ebola on-site. Appropriately disinfecting waste on-site instead of trucking it across the city will help promote confidence in our health system and government agencies' ability to protect the public.
It also includes the removal of household items, leaving the company in charge of disposing of possibly contaminated items in Duncan's family's apartment. The permit established the required packaging and disinfectant, mandated a written accident response plan and provided transport controls to the company. Ebola waste is classified as a "Category A infectious substance," which requires items to be transported in double layered leak-proof packaging inside a rigid container.
Each hospital was to hire a specialist in caring for the victims and maintaining proper protocols among staff.
Hospitals were also instructed to keep as small a number of staff working on Ebola cases as possible in order to limit infection risk. Finally, Frieden insisted that caution be used when determining what types of procedures were conducted on victims, as some procedures included a higher risk of infection to medical staff. Patrick Hospital in Missoula, Montana , the only one of the four that had not yet treated an Ebola patient.
The guidance was aimed at three important points in the use of personal protective equipment: rigorous and repeated training, no skin exposure when worn and the use of a trained monitor to ensure safety. The administration announced on October 15, , that emergency response teams would be deployed to hospitals with suspected Ebola cases in order to enforce proper protocols waste disposal procedures.
The CDC released guidelines on October 2, , by which the airlines were permitted to deny access to flights based on Ebola symptoms. The authority was given to the airlines by the U. Department of Transportation.
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